Sentential Falsehood Logic FL4 :: Philosophy Philosophical Logical Papers

Sentential Falsehood Logic FL4 ABSTRACT: In some philosophical conceptions, statements are valued as true, false, senseless (neither true nor false), or inconsistent. Falsehood logic FL4 makes it possible to operate correctly by such statements. Logic with falsehood operator FL4 is formulated. For FL4 metatheorems of consistency, deduction and completeness are fulfilled. Correlation between falsehood logic FL4 and four-valued Belnap’s logic and von Wright’s truth logic T"LM is considered. In FL4, the implication for Belnap’s logic is defined so that the truth-valued matrix of it is characterized for logic of tautological consequences Efde. Correlation between three-valued falsehood sublogic FL3N of FL4 and three-valued Kleene’s logic and Lukasiewicz’s logic is considered. Lukasiewicz’s three-valued logic is functionally equivalent to FL3N logic. Correlation between three-valued falsehood sublogic FL3B of FL4 and three-valued paraconsistent Priest’s logic is also con sidered. The construction of falsehood logic FL4 (1) and its analysis answer the question about the use of truth and falsehood notions. In some philosophical conceptions statements are valued as true, false, senseless (neither true nor false), inconsistent. Falsehood logic FL4 makes it possible to operate correctly by such statements. The main principles of falsehood logic FL4 are as follows: 1. The notion of falsehood will be considered as applied only to sentences of the following form: "Sentence 'S' is false" (in symbols: '(- S)' ). The proposition '(- S)' is a proposition about falsehood of the sentence 'S' and it is a proposition in a metalanguage related to the language in which a sentence 'S' is formulated. The set of propositions of language, metalanguage, metametalanguage and so on is considered as a whole. And one can operate with these propositions (viz. 'S', '(- S)', '(- S(- S))', ...) simultaneously in the language of FL4. 2. We shall consider the notion of falsehood as a primitive one which will be used as a logical operator in this formal system. 3. The sentence '(- S)' is always either true or false, while the sentence 'S' may have other truth-values than true or false. In other words, the laws of classical logic are valid for sentence '(- S)', but need not to be valid for sentence 'S'. 4. Sentences with the implication will be evaluated in standard way. Let '(S1 Â ® S2) ' stands for 'S1 implies S2'. '(S1 Â ® S2)' is true iff 'S1' is false or 'S2' is true. '(S1 Â ® S2)' is false iff 'S1' is true and 'S2' is false.

Should Doug Hann Be Expelled- Argument Essay

Quincy Day Eng. 095 Mrs. Dahlin October 31, 2012 Should Doug Hann be Expelled Racism, a word that describes people that have hatred for others cause of their race, sexual orientation, religion and sex just to name a few. It exists everywhere especially in our universities, there’s a article written by one Nat Hentoff about a Caucasian male being expelled for racial slurs he direction to other students his name is Doug Hann. Doug Hann broke the rules and lashed out verbally on innocent students so yes he should be expelled.He’s hiding behind the free speech amendment â€Å"Freedom of Speech,† which usually all racists do to get away with their actions. According to the president of Brown University, there’s an agreement that every new student signs before he or she attends the university. In this agreement it gives a list of standards of acceptable behavior at Brown university that has been read for more than 10 years by entering students who agree in writi ng to abide by them. Now prior to this event Hann was involved in another incident with a Brown student.He was in an encounter with a fellow student at a fraternity bar, while intoxicated again, he called the guy a NIGGER! So it’s not like this is something Hann just did, it’s something he is known to do especially while being drunk, so he’s trying to hide behind the 1st amendment :Freedom of Speech Now don’t quote me on this but Freedom of Speech means freedom to speak freely where you don’t have to ask for permission to speak right. You know that saying â€Å"when your drunk you speak the truth of what’s on your mind? So I believe he did it knowingly and purposely and he needs to be drunk to do it. The argument is that Hann didn’t act on anything so it’s called Freedom of Speech. Really? Don’t you think saying what you think is acting out on your thoughts. Now speaking freely is not directed at anyone its speaking so people can hear usually a message or scripture or things that we want the public or community to hear. Now we can argue all day about whether or not its freedom of speech and so n but what about the rules he broke in the process? That has to be enforced or that whole agreement is null and void. If anything that is one thing that the universities in American do and will continue doing is upholding the rules. Rules are made for a reason, without rules there would be no structure and we would be in utter chaos. So either way you look at it rules were broken and consequences were handed out. He’s the first to be expelled and the first to break the rules, there’s always going to be a first time for everyone.When that first time comes are we just suppose to overlook it, of course not. The constitution also states that were all created equal, so that means the rules apply to everyone. So Hann needs to man up and take the consequence that were handed to him I bet you anything this is not going to be the end of Hann and his racial slurs. Works Cited Hentoff, Nat. â€Å"Should This Student Have Been Expelled† 75 Readings Plus 9th Edition Edu. Sani V. Buscemi and Charlotte Smith. New York: Mcgraw Hill 2010. 398-402 print

Bill of Rights Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen...

The Bill of Rights and Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen are based on the same principles of natural rights; therefore each document is similar in protecting the peoples natural rights. However, despite their similarities, their differences are apparent due to the social situations in which they were adopted. The Bill of Rights stood to protect the freedoms of each individual by establishing a democratic government. The French Revolution eliminated the hierarchy of class and established equality among men with the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. Several influences from past philosophers and documents assisted the frame work of the Bill of Rights and Declaration of Rights and Citizen. Declarations of the Rights†¦show more content†¦Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one may be deprived of it except when public necessity... The Declarations of Rights of Man and Citizen differ to the Bill of Rights because of the different social and economic institutions. The Bills Of Rights protect citizens through the security of the government. The ten amendments dont directly address the rights of individuals, instead allow the government to enforce them, such as; congress will make no law inflicting rights of speech, press, and religion. These are objectives of the government to keep in tact, not necessary a right upon an individual. However, in the Rights of Man and Citizen it addresses the individual and their equality before the law. In article four it announces that liberty is based on the individual not to harm another. Thus, has no limits but the law will determine the limits. In article one it states, Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.4 The diction in the Declaration gives the impression of the equality among individuals first, than law will follow. It contrasts to the Bill of Rights; which e stablished a government for law, to protect the rights of individuals. In The Declaration addressed the responsibility of individuals and general will to mold the law. The Bill of Rights was ratified together with the Constitution in 1791. The Bill Rights was incorporated with the Constitution to diminish the fear by the Anti-Federalists of a governmentShow MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differences Between English Bill of Rights and the Declaration Rights of Man and Citizen1900 Words   |  8 PagesSimilarities and differences between English bill of rights and the declaration rights of man and citizen Bryan. 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