The Ju-Wasi Experience :: essays research papers

My visit to the Ju/wasi area of Botswana was an eye-opening experience. At first sight, I could non believe they lead an able way of life. The entire society is built around waterholes, and they herd cattle. The idea of a modern village or townspeople does not exist. They do not process their food, and their water is very scarce and unsanitary. Nevertheless, the living conditions of the Ju/wasi rarely inflict any diseases upon them. Rather, it is the Western world that has brought in viruses and bacterium that affect the health of the Ju/wasi the most. Out of all the noticeable problems that afflict the Ju/wasi, however, this was the least visible. The lack of organization among tribesmen, a constant food staple, and a stable sparing manakin are the issues the Botswana government needs to address. In this regard, I agree almost fully with the previous panel that suggested improvements in several of the rudimentary areas. first-class honours degree and foremost, organization is key. The government needs to help the Ju/wasi build several villages. This will bring an element of government into the tribe, which will help the Ju/wasi make central decisions intimately the tribes actions. Digging the wells is not essential because a water supply already exists yet it fits in well with the overall political program of improving the Ju/wasi living conditions. In order to provide a constant staple, the government need not distribute domesticated animals. Instead, they should institute an economic model and integrate tribesmen with Botswanas job market. The Ju/wasi can then use their new income to finance a food supply or a cash crop. The key is to spend money as efficiently as possible in order to help the Ju/wasi, and my slightly modified plan accomplishes that purpose.Following these guidelines does not promise the Ju/wasi a carefree life.

Essay --

ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN GOOD GOVERNANCE GROUP MEMBERS-Saba naz (51) - Fizza Farrukh (16)RESEARCH ARTICLE According to Etounge ManguellaGood Governance implies presence of rule of law, shelter of human right, existence of honest government, accountability, transparency, predictability and opennessIt is a legitimate, accountable, and effective way of obtaining and using public power and resources in the pursuit of widely-accepted social goals.Good nerve has got great significance in our state as the problems of corruption, red tapism and inefficiency crept in the internal structure of our country. Today tidy governance not only occupies important place in our state but also regarded as crucial element in building nation. Nation cannot flourish in the absence of good governance. It is the need of an hour. Without the presence of good governance, no country can play pivotal role in the orb. It is regarded as the soul of country. Governance is very pertinent in eve ry sphere of life, whether it is house or office, good governance is needed to perform effectively. It also provides strong foundation for the developmental process. right Accountability is one of the major characterstic of good governance. Lack of accountability has been creating tension since independence. Improper us get along with of funds, increasing rate of inflation, Pakistan is also under debt trap. It is all happening collectible to absence of accountability. Corruption can easily be removed with proper channel of accountability. Check and balance is very essential for the maintenance of fundsThis is the age of living transparently. A visible change has been brought in the culture of all financial players Finance Ministry an... ...many facets of the State machinery, particularly those that have an interface with the public. v) Lack of credibility the gap between the intent and the actions of some institutions in society. vi) Inadequate application of rules, evasion of taxes and failure in getting timely justice. vii) Existence of a world-shaking number of voiceless poor with little opportunities for participating. viii) Deterioration of physical environment in the urban and rural areas The World Bank has recently released a give out on governance indicators for the period 1996-2004 covering 209 countries. The report, covering six governance indicators including voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory control, rule of law, and control of corruption, shows that Pakistans ratings lodge low and have somewhat deteriorated over the period.

Dual Executive :: essays research papers

Dual Executive/PresidentThe idea of an elective head of state for the American chief executive,in its conception, was or so without precedent. The idea of an American dualpresidency, split between domestic and foreign arenas is itself withoutprecedent. A dual presidency would suit America well due to the pressures ofthe mightiness of President of the United States. As Commander-in-Chief, thePresident bears incredible pressures and responsibilities. The President notonly has power in the United States, provided also tremendous bow throughoutthe world. It is not arrogant to change the presidency in order to manageAmericas vast interests all over the globe. The US is certainly not isolationistic anymore, so creating an office for a foreign affairs executive issimply realistic. Thus, the President is not only torn between domestic andforeign responsibilities, but s/he must find time to campaign. A dual presidencywith a domestic and foreign leader could divide these campaigning dutie s. Inaddition, a dual presidency is better adapted to handle simultaneous crises. Adual presidency is a modern day answer to the realities of the Americanpresidency.Essentially, the idea of a dual executive is rooted in the concept of aplural executive. Back in the time of the writing of the Constitution, someanti-federalists precious a weak executive. This weak executive was called aplural executive or an executive council. (Storing 49) The purpose of such aplural executive was not only to weaken the executive, but also to prevent amonarchy from ruling. In fact, an anti-federalist named Randolph opposed anexecutive-of-one so much that he believed it to be the foetus (fetus) of themonarchy.(Storing 93) Yet straight off the threat of monarchy is laughable.The proposed dual executive has no intentions of weakening that branch.Rather, a dual executive makes the branch more efficient, focused, and in touch.Plural is not a fitting circumstance for the dual executive. This is because ap lural executive implies several office holders, or a committee. The more people,the more chaos and disunity occurs.In the 70th chapter of The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton do acase for an executive with a great deal of unity. If power was concentrated in asingle chief magistrate, then the branch would be more cohesive. Hamiltonrelied on the failures of plural executive in the history of Rome and Greece tomake a case against executive councils.Some may argue that by dividing the executive office, it saps the energyand vigor required of the job. Inversely, it can be argued that the Presidenthas so much to do that his energy is weakened by simply world spread too thin.

Unions :: essays research papers

The union movement of the late 19th century by Eli Hatch During 1870 through and through 1900 excogitateers joined together responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to light upon the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. There were many successes and failures in organized labor the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost charters, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also an y worker that could be truly categorise as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and sexual conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. An another(prenominal) organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One o f the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death.

Medicine in the Fight against HIV/AIDS and Cancer :: Medical Treatment Chinese Papers

Medicine in the Fight against HIV/AIDS and CancerConventional ( anyopathic) medicine has been the mainstream westerly approach to medicine ever since the early twentieth century. Previous to the widespread popularization of the allopathic tradition, other more holistic traditions of medicine were accepted and practiced without bias. The founding of the American Medical Association (AMA) brought with it a swift turnabout for other traditions and placed the monopoly of the industry solely in the hands of allopathic physicians. However many of the procedures and techniques for traffic with illness in conventional medicine are invasive and involve the introduction of severe and even toxic agents and many people are straight expressing a desire to return to more natural means of fighting disease. The use of alternative medicine is becoming increasingly popular in the Western world, although patients are hesitant to in version their allopathic physicians of this use. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and Cancer cases is growing in leaps daily and these diseases even represent the leading causes of mortality in some countries. Conventional medicine is undoubtedly not always able to successfully treat many of these cases but it has been suggested that a combination of allopathic and alternative therapy would increase success rates by providing the optimal treatment of illness, as in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and Cancer. Western culture should mark to explore alternative practices instead of brushing aside what it does not understand. There are many different forms of alternative medicine, some of which are centuries old. The term alternative medicine covers the vast category of unconventional forms of medicine, many of which are not accepted by the allopathic tradition due to their inability to be evaluated under the scientific rule and their consequent lack of empiricality, both of which have strong bases in the Western tradition. The systems that fall under alternat ive medicine are Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, Naturopathic Medicine, Homeopathy, Osteopathic Medicine, Chiropractic, Massage Therapy and Bodywork, and hear/Body Medicine. Five of these treatments will be discussed in their general approaches to illness as a demonstration of alternative models of medicine.Chinese Medicine is an ancient form of alternative medicine, dating back over 3000 years. The key principle of this tradition is the belief in an unseen entity called chi, which symbolizes the vital life force energy essential in all things. Chi flows through the human body in pathways known as meridians, which enable the passage of this energizing force through all the organs of the body.

Medicine in the Fight against HIV/AIDS and Cancer :: Medical Treatment Chinese Papers

Medicine in the Fight against HIV/AIDS and Cancer pompous (allopathic) medicine has been the mainstream Western approach to medicine ever since the early ordinal century. Previous to the widespread popularization of the allopathic tradition, other more holistic traditions of medicine were accepted and practiced without bias. The founding of the American Medical Association (AMA) brought with it a swift turnabout for other traditions and placed the monopoly of the industry solely in the hands of allopathic physicians. However many an(prenominal) of the procedures and techniques for dealing with illness in effected medicine are invasive and involve the introduction of severe and even toxic agents and many people are now expressing a desire to remember to more natural means of fighting disease. The use of alternative medicine is becoming increasingly popular in the Western world, although patients are hesitant to avouch their allopathic physicians of this use. The prevalence of HIV /AIDS and Cancer cases is growing in leaps daily and these diseases even represent the leading causes of mortality in some countries. Conventional medicine is undoubtedly not always able to supremacyfully treat many of these cases but it has been suggested that a combination of allopathic and alternative therapy would increase success rates by providing the optimal treatment of illness, as in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and Cancer. Western culture should endeavor to explore alternative practices sort of of brushing aside what it does not understand. There are many different forms of alternative medicine, some of which are centuries old. The term alternative medicine covers the broad category of unconventional forms of medicine, many of which are not accepted by the allopathic tradition due to their inability to be evaluated under the scientific method and their consequent lack of empiricality, twain of which have strong bases in the Western tradition. The systems that fall under al ternative medicine are chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, Naturopathic Medicine, Homeopathy, Osteopathic Medicine, Chiropractic, Massage Therapy and Bodywork, and Mind/Body Medicine. Five of these treatments leave be discussed in their general approaches to illness as a demonstration of alternative models of medicine.Chinese Medicine is an ancient form of alternative medicine, dating dorsum over 3000 years. The key principle of this tradition is the belief in an unseen entity called chi, which symbolizes the vital life force energy inherent in all things. Chi flows through the human body in pathways known as meridians, which enable the passage of this energizing force through all the organs of the body.

The History of Italian Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance was driven by a force of great strides in tender-he ruseedity. This was a time for a re-awakening of educated thinking, great artistic endeavors, and an em force playing factor of humanism to use free will to govern ones future rather than allowing the perform to grade the correct path in life. The city of Florence became the center for oftentimes of this activity, where artists and scholars were sponsored royally by like-minded families of great wealth and social power. More emphasis was baffle onto learning as a direction of freedom from ignorance instead of a reason to serve God.There was a shift in power from the church to a general secularization in all areas of life, with the main focus being on the enhancement in the studies of the arts. The arts were looked at in a parvenu substance, using humanism as the new religion and the new way to achieve the greatest possible virtue. The actual term Renaissance heart re- feature, which is essentially wh at was taking place overall, in Florence and other Italian states. For Burckhardt this period consisted, broadly speaking, of the 15th century in Italy, a time and place in which medieval man became modern man. -Italy-History of, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2000. (1)This was a re-birth of ideas, learning, communication, artistry and beliefs. All of these factors were culminating together to prepare the existence for the dawning of a new age, and a new direction for man to move in. The Italian Renaissance began finding its niche among the elite in Florence in 1360, however, this was just the beginning. The Renaissance proved to be more(prenominal) established by the early fifteenth century among the rest of Italy, and eventually the rest of Europe. . The world was changing and ready for a new way of thinking.No longer were individuals prepared to accept the teachings of the church as their guidelines in life. Society wanted more from life than what the church had to offer. Italian cu lture, most noteably in Florence, was evolution wealthier. With this increase of wealth came a need to pursue personal limits in achievement, education, and ability. In their society, successful individuals, usually men, clearly were capable of doing more in this world than traditional religious views allowed. Modern European History I, 1992. (2) The humanists came forth from this need to learn.They were the intellect behind the Renaissance and brought to light a new view of what should be taught and studied. They embraced the classics translating many from the ancient Greek and Roman script they were originally created in, and redefining how these works were originally interpreted. They looked upon studies in grammar, rhetorics, poetry, history and moral philosophy as a office of elevating their self-worth, and discovered that man can create his own destiny rather than follow a pre-ordained fate determined by the church.By using education to further themselves in society, the f ree-willed humanists were setting the standards for educated thinking, that current modern day life adheres to. Humanism was the most important single intellectual movement of the Renaissance. Eugene F. strain Jr, 1970. (3) Humanism was not only focused on education this way of thinking also held power over other aspects of the Renaissance. 2 As much of the educational aspect centered in Florence, so did the growing desire for beauty and culture to be represented in art another heavy factor of humanism.With its economic and social standing becoming rapidly elevated, and due to the strong tradition of democracy it held, Florence would prove to have the ideal surroundings for the birth of artistry in the Italian Renaissance movement. At the beginning of the Renaissance, Florence was a well-established, commercial city primarily controlled by the rich merchant class and rough of the very wealthy and powerful families that resided there.Families such as the de Medici family, would commission artists to design and build enormous churches, palaces and other monuments to cement the families position in Florence. Using this persona of backing sponsorship, the growing artistic community was able to flourish and thrive, and produce a mutitude of glorious works, focusing on a new embodiment of their skill. The human body was looked upon and studied with more detail and realism than ever before. This lead to more accurate and life-like art work, both in painting and sculpture.Much of the art moved away from the old themes of portraying the world and humanity as perfectly as possible, and concentrated instead on capturing the actual likeness of the pass on matter, no matter how unappealing or distressing it whitethorn have been. With enormous financial sponsorship behind them, artists were able to concentrate soley on their craft and dissipate it into the new, Renaissance style. They met great opposition from the church but were able to continue moving forward with the ongoing support of their benefactors.The infallible teachings of the church combined with the power of the Pope, were constantly challenged by the humanists and those that followed this new style of thought. Citizens were more and more frequently pledging allegiance to the crown rather than to the Vatican, creating a steady decline of power from religion. The Christian truth that had been acknowledged as comprehending all phenomena, earthly or heavenly, now had to co-exist with a classical attitude that was overwhelmingly directed toward earthly life. Humanism, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2000. (4) intimacy began to undermine the position of the church. An ever-increasing add up of followers of humanism reaffirmed the fact that humans are individuals and not just souls passing through earth on their way to eternity in heaven or hell. As individuals, every human had the right to discovering his own destiny and potential. These beliefs and views were strongly frowned upon by the church, who tried in deceitful to reassert their influence on society.Much of the great wealth of the era was also looked at as un-Christian, but the humanists argued that wealth was only a means to achieve greater virtue. Money was needed to fund and support the arts, which provided the tools to further enlightenment in these areas. The church however, could only accept this wealth if it was used for the greater good of society. This was an argument to prevail through show up the Renaissance. From the re-evaluation of education and art, society has derived an opportunity to determine their own destiny, based on the knowledge they choose to empower themselves with.Humanists may have opposed the church and its teachings in order 4 to move forward with free will and choice, but without that opposition, life would not hold the amount of wonderment and variation that exists today. The humanistic efforts that began during the Italian Renaissance paved the way for society to become more independent in their thinking, more realistic in their arts, and more educated in subject matter that had been too long denied. The Italian Renaissance shaped and altered the modern world, bringing society out of the medieval times and onto the path that stretched toward the optimistic future.

Judicial Issues in Chapman’s “The Prisoner’s Dilemma”

World history recounts many differences between the East and the West. In spite of the consideration that both atomic number 18 unique in their suffer culture and tradition, the issue on who is better and more civilized still remains. In The Pris wizrs Dilemma, Stephen Chapman comp ares and contrasts Eastern and horse opera punishment practices under the criminal justice system. In his view, the Western claim that their practices are less(prenominal) cruel and barbaric is contestable owing to the issues related to the multiple years of incarceration.To elaborate his view, Chapman compares the punishment methods used in Eastern and Western countries. He mentions some punitive practices among Islamic countries such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran. Among these practices include flogging, or ta zir, a punishment commonly given for general offenses. This form of punishment, among others, is endorsed by the Koran itself. Another practice is stoning, which is usually bestowed upon in dividuals who are found to be adulterous or who engage in non-marital sex.This form of punishment causes severe injury to offenders, causing their deaths. In the website Religious Tolerance. org, several reports on stoning show how Islamic countries apply this practice in varied terms. One report describes how a man dies ten minutes after being stoned while his alleged partner is hit by a large rock on the head after stoning. In addition to these two methods, Islamic countries also apply amputation, beheading, and other forms of execution. Considering these, Chapman contends that Islamic shipway of punishment are some forms of barbaric rituals. (364)Aside from their hideous method of exterminating criminals, what makes these methods seem more barbaric and cruel is the gathering of the crowd that gawks at the offenders misfortunes. As Chapman illustrates, Westerners smirk at these practices and claim that theirs are far more humanitarian. In the West, criminals are sentenced to pris on for varying number of years establish on the gravity of the offense. For instance, Chapman elaborates that a person charged with robbery can be sentenced to six or 30 years imprisonment under the Western judicial system.Based on this, the originator implies that a general offense which merits one-time flogging in Islamic countries can cost a persons lifetime in the West. Moreover, he also cites that with the long trials that each case takes and the cost of maintaining a penitentiary, the government spends to a fault much on procuring justice for the victims. Moreover, the author inductively cites that the practices in the East were the same ones practiced in the West during earlier times.He mentions some cases where criminals were cut in several parts, and tortured by explosive charge off internal organs while the criminal is in conscious state. Given these former practices, Chapman convinces the readers to reconsider Islamic practices such as those mentioned, which are less g rotesque than former Western practices. To convince his readers, Chapman uses both comparison and contrast between the two cultures. Mostly, he gives the contrast, emphasizing more the practicality of the Eastern culture in dealing with punishments.Also, by establishing comparison and claiming that Western civilization once employed even worse practices of amputation, the author appeals to the logical system of the readers to assert the issue with valid reasoning. Clearly, Chapman uses logic or logos in his comparison and contrast. He attempts to convince the audience that Western practices are just as evil as the Eastern ones. By impeding criminals to prison, they are likewise subjected to overcrowding, illness, filthy conditions, and routine violence.Sentencing a criminal to life in the prison cells is like to subjecting him to eventual death or to sacrifices similar to flogging. Also, as mentioned above, keeping criminals in prison implies a big government funding, for the gover nment will have to feed and clothe the prisoners, and hire authorities to tint after them. Likewise, Chapman claims that prisons do not work on their purpose for detaining individuals. To illustrate his point, he mentions the five functions of imprisonment. Among these functions, Chapman emphasizes that detention does not serve the third function, which is general deterrence.Although some may be afraid to go to jail, the thought of it does not totally threaten criminals to make them avoid ill-doings. The present crime rate demonstrates that in truth, offenders are not afraid to go against the law, thus making others like the author skeptical about the observance of the third function. Conversely, he notes that encountering a man with just one arm could bring more shrill to those who are trying to plot a crime. In addition, the author also points out that imprisonment does not serve its fifth function, that is rehabilitation.Keeping criminals behind bars and making them face the c onsequence of acquiring infectious diseases is far from rehabilitative. For others, this function may only be served if criminals are given a better living condition or are endowed by a beautiful experience, such as allowing them to get married, to permit counseling and psychotherapy, or giving them a job or a vacation (Menninger as mentioned in Chapman 368-369). Considering the disadvantages of imprisonment, sentencing a criminal to keep him from contact with the human race seems to be the only consolation that incarceration brings.In addition to logos, the author also uses pathos by citing the dilemma experienced by offenders and victims alike. The long deferment for the court to give its sentence is one aspect that causes much shame to Western judicial system. While the case is in process, the victims undergo torment visual perception the criminal spend days in freedom. The truth and relevance of this point makes this the subject of TV and film courtroom drama. The same agitat ion may be true for the criminals or those who are charged but innocent of the crime. As justice is prolonged, so is the torment that the concerned individuals suffer.The use of logos and pathos in establishing comparison and contrast is likewise accompanied by ethos as the article appears in the textbook. The articles introduction includes a simple biography of the author, telling his achievements as a writer and a Harvard University graduate. This establishes credibility of the author, thus affecting the audiences stance on the matter. While the logos and pathos that Chapman uses are quite weak to defy religious values, the ethos somewhat helps convince the audience that the words they are reading come from a knowledgeable and well-experienced source.Overall, the points made by the author show his partiality to Western practices. He tries to convince the audience to favor Eastern practices due to their practicality and immediacy. Considering his point, authorities should look int o the possibility of adopting these practices however considering too how people react to changes, Chapmans proposition may fail to convince many people, especially those who advocate love and reverence for the body.

How to Make Ferrero Rocher Chocolate

Making own sweets is so much fun, and looks impressive for rattling little effort. Theres no baking involved in this recipe just a little chopping, rolling and melting and the process is charming therapeutic. Once got the hang of it so can experiment a little too try coating or drizzling them with dark chocolate. The quantities provided below should conduct about thirty chocolates, taking into consideration the fact that a fair amount of mixture may disappear as make them up. Ingredients 20g Hazelnuts 200g Nutella 70g Ice thrash wafers 250g Good quality milk chocolate Method Preheat the oven to 175 degrees Celcius. Spread the hazelnuts on a baking tray and toast for 10 minutes, shaking in one case half way through. get rid of from the oven, leave to cool then rub vigorously in a kitchen towel to remove as much of the paperlike skins as possible. Put 30 altogether hazelnuts to one side, then finely chop the rest. Put the Nutella in a small bowl and stir in half of the chopped n uts.Pop in the fridge to firm up around one hour. Line a plate with baking parchment or tinfoil. cleaver the ice cream wafers and mix with the remaining chopped nuts. Remove the Nutella mixture from the fridge and, working quickly, roll small teaspoons of the mixture into balls, pushing a whole hazelnut to the centre of each one. Roll each ball in the mixture of chopped nuts and wafer until fully coated then pop onto your wide-awake plate and freeze until firm around one hour.Melt the milk chocolate gently in a bain marie then allow to cool to room temperature. Remove your chocolate balls from the freezer and, working quickly, drop a ball into the melted chocolate, coating completely. Because the balls are part frozen, the chocolate should firm up around them close instantly. Repeat with the remaining balls then transfer to the fridge to set completely. Once set, place the chocolates in individual gold wrappers, stack into a pyramid and flip the Ambassador a call.

Early Christian Architecture Essay

Early Christian Architecture We have spoken of how one style of architecture develops from another, and we atomic number 18 now to look briefly at a form which is chiefly substantial as be a link in the chain of styles. There are not many important buildings of the Early Christian style. It came into being at a time when not much building was going on that is, during the early centuries of Christianity, and what good examples there are, are nearly all churches. During the first three centuries of the Christian era Christianity was under the ban of persecution, and there was not much chance for it to manifest itself in prominent architecture.But, early in the fourth century, Constantine became Emperor and was converted to Christianity. He made Christianity the State religion. Constantine founded three large basilicas in Rome, all of which have been buried or destroyed. The chief objects to be thought of in these churches was to build without too much cost, to do it quickly, and to accommodate large congregations. A great structural principle which they use in roofing, or spanning spaces, is the truss. This is a frame of beams, or of beams and rods, so disposed and fastened as to make a continuous support or distich across an open space.The truss was used by the romishs in roofing their basilicas. CHIEF FEATURES As the great Romanesque style grew out of this early Christian architecture, allow us look at the main features of the earlier and simpler style. Some of the most important of these features are preserved also in the Gothic church and we shall like to see, as we very(prenominal) easily can see, how they grew out of this first early Christian style. The buildings of this style were simple in form, but of noble proportions, and, though very sound off without, they were often gorgeous within.A notable circumstance about the early Christian work is the fact that its monuments were built largely from ruins and fragments quarried from earlier Roman wo rk. No doubt much beauty was ruthlessly destroyed in this way. Before the Christian era Cato borrowed from the Greeks their hall of justice the first one being erected in Rome about 190 years before Christ. These basilicas normally had a large hall connected with a portico, and encircling galleries often envelop the whole.When Christianity became a State religion these buildings came to be used for religious purposes. The basilica always had a central aisle and this nave or central portion was usually separated from the side aisles by rows of columns. At the further end of the nave was the sanctuary or apse, in front of which stood the altar. In front of the whole was usually an atrium or fore-court, surrounded by a covered arcade. The exterior was extremely plain, and the interior resplendent with marbles and mosaics. A wooden roof covered the edifice.Figure 29 is the ground plan of a basilica which will show us the general arrangement, although this basilica does not happen to be an old Roman example. in a higher place the columns that surrounded the nave there usually arose another story called the clerestory (clear story), the walls of which were pierced with windows. This is a feature which persists through later styles, and it is interesting to see its simple and plain beginning. Some of the Egyptian temples had clerestories, but the European examples date back only to early Christian architecture.

Global Warming and Its Management Essay

Managers ar the virtu each(prenominal)y important human resource in any cheek because they are charged with the office of ensuring that the organizational goals are fall upond within the specific time through a good contrast environment. Both organizations and people need each other to elevate their different goals or objectives.Therefore if mutuality is missing, it makes no sense in trying to assemble a group and develop a cooperation because there is no common base on which to build. Therefore, for attainment of organizational effectiveness, human resource and especially the managers is the most important asset that must be paid help by the management. (Rampton, 2003) Causes of world-wide climate changeFrom this article we find that Dr Walker suggest that global climate change is not necessarily caused by the change magnitude use of the fossil fuel, many scientists induct been found to be against his arguments claiming that most of the global warming cases are caused by human numberivities apart from that caused by climatical changes, whereby we find that they reported that in the year 1998 the earth was found to be warmest as compared to the current years arguing that the carbon dioxide concentration is higher claiming that it has increase by over three percent, these scientists claim that a rise in the global warming is mainly caused by the following factorsThere have been high temperatureed political, religious, social and scientific arguments more or less what could be the causes of global warming. Scientifically, burning of fossil fuels such as petrol, coal, electricity, garbage disposal, and methane from reared animals e. g. d appearancey cattle, goats and sheep the atmosphere of the earth is everywhere and it includes the air we breathe. The earths surface, water, land, and the whole biosphere absorb the heat from the sun after which it sends it back to the atmosphere. However, some of the sunlight energy passes back to the space while a good percentage is trapped by the green foretoken gases in the atmosphere thus causing the earth to heat up. (Maslin, 2004)From the article we find that Dr Walker says that most of the green house gas make are brought up by the existing water vapor and the carbon dioxide resulting from the human activities he is reported look that the anthropogenic carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere makes an insignificant contribution to the enhanced babys room gas effect research indicates that many scientists are against the Doctors ideas are incorrect they bring in the idea that in the cases where there is an increase in the concentration of the carbon dioxide with the combination of the other green house gases depart actually lead to an increase to the amount of vapour in the atmosphere and since scientifically vapour is found to be a strong green house gas cause an increase in the atmospheric temperature which is regarded as a positive effect to the atmospheric change.This vapour also leads to the defining of cloudiness which brings in cooling effect to the atmospheric temperate which many scientists regard it as a negative effect. The article indicates that eighty five percent of the global temperatures become up as a result the emission of the green house gases while fifteen percent of the temperature is caused by other factors Planning and Controlling Functions This newspaper will focus on the planning and controlling functions of management and how managers can utilize such functions to reduce the effects of ever-changing climate in the business world. As Dr. Len walker puts it cool heads needed on global warming (Paul, 2007). There have been heated political, religious, social and scientific arguments about what could be the causes of global warming.Scientifically, burning of fossil fuels such as petrol, coal, electricity, garbage disposal, and methane from reared animals e. g. dairy cattle, goats and sheep affects the atmosphere of the earth everywh ere and it includes the air we breathe. The earths surface, water, land, and the whole biosphere absorb the heat from the sun after which it sends it back to the atmosphere. However, some of the sunlight energy passes back to the space while a good percentage is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere thus causing the earth to heat up. It is prudent therefore for managers to put in place plan of actions that will assure the sparing growth of their businesses despite the negative effects of global warming.Therefore such scenarios necessitates the willpower and the familiarity of planning and controlling management activities from the current managers in prescribe to avoid adverse effects caused by changing climate. (Hill earn, 1994) According to the latest research, reports suggest that managers have a discrete and decisive function in all organizations particularly in the debate on global warming and they do not precisely act as a medium between the flower managers a nd the external bodies such as the UN. Managers in many organizations in an effort to be effective and efficient in the understanding of global warming effects have the planning responsibility of balancing the ever competing demands of their roles brought about by effects of changing climate in the world.In consecrate to attain the higher up objective this managers have embarked on planning and controlling roles in order to avoid any unwanted outcome as a result of changing climate and thus achieve the desired output. Such roles include the following Managers in most organizations through the overall controlling function act as change agents within these organizations. There is increased interaction of people from different cultures, societies, and various backgrounds in undertaking various business activities with the aim of achieving their goals for example fount of more branches that has effects on the business environment . e. g through pollution.Because of invention of advan ced technology the world has increasingly become a hamlet and as a result global business is the modern form of business in this 21st century. Therefore managers are expected to strategize on the top hat controlling measures of changing climate in order to change the business activities to the desired levels that do not further effects of global warming. (Rampton, 2003) Because of globalization in relation to business firms there have been great disregard to national borders, governments have lower hand in controlling the flow of their economies and large companies including organizations are now not restricted to only one particular country as it was before.Managers in these organizations through the planning function have to sleep with with changes brought about by this aspect of globalization particularly on the issues relating to garbage and sewerage treatment. This implies that mangers have to incorporate the desired actions in the planning process in order to curb the chang ing climate that whitethorn affect the success of businesses in the future. They also have the task of ensuring that the employees in the organizations are well equipped with skills, expertise, and knowledge that can help understand the effects of global warming. Middle managers have the planning duty of being a strategist in order to cope with the increasing demands particularly with regards to the effects of global warming on success of an organization.This implies that they have the tasks of ensuring that the strategies formulated by the organization are implemented and executed in a good way that will lead to decreasing the effects of global warming. They should therefore have the ability to interpret direction from the external bodies bid the United Nations in to functional departmental strategies and policies that will avoid any conflicts in the organization and those plans must be viable and supportive for the mission of the organization regarding changing in climate. (Maund y, 2001) In order to enhance this responsibility the managers must pay much attention to formulation of inclineable strategies. A strategy may be defined as the calculated means by which the enterprise deploys its resources to accomplish its purpose and basic objectives under the most advantageous circumstances.Therefore the mangers have the task of ensuring that the organization for example a multinational firm must be overall low cost effective system which will figure good systems of controlling pollution, sewerage and garbage treatment among other climate effects by using of advanced technologies. So the work of middle managers is to ensure sourcing of competent expertise and application of approved high quality technologies e. g. the use of approved chemicals in treating of sewerages. This implies that planning and controlling functions will be required by managers in order to enhance formulation of viable strategies as well as setting parameters on how such strategies are co ntrolled. Managers must also act at as ethicists in any organization in order to balance the competing demands brought about by the effects of global warming.This role implies that the managers should develop a system that will help them sustain pressure from external forces in the process of promoting positive effects of global warming. This implies managers must show commitment, support and cooperation among the top management, low level management or the subordinates and themselves regarding the controlling of effects of climate changes. For these managers to maximize the concept of teamwork in the organization then they should emphasize on formation of groups within the workplace. A group can be defined as social unit which people interacts face to face when working. If an organization emphasizes group work then it is more likely that good results will be achieved.Sometimes some kind of work require teamwork participation in order to achieve goals, so managers should encourage g roup decisions too because they bound to succeed unlike individual decisions. This may involve planning function of coming up with ideas regarding qualification decisions jointly concerning how to curb the effects of global warming. (Maundy, 2001) Economic Effects The economic implications of global climate change are worse since these weather phenomenons occur unpredictably. indemnification companies for example have a lot to loose when a weather condition such as the El Nino damage property and businesses which makes it not only difficult to compensate but also expensive to cater for.Economic implications are considered to be harsh for third world countries as compared to developed countries because they deprivation the capacity to counter such disasters of big magnitudes. The other sector of the economy affected by global warming is the transport sector. Most of the infrastructure in Indonesia and India has collapsed as an outcome of these disasters thus making it very expensi ve for the countries to repair and maintain them. Agricultural production being dependant on weather conditions of a particular place is under threat from global warming. Countries in the Islands such as Madagascar produce very little agricultural produce not because they drop the water but because the conditions there are very uncertain and also harsh such that only greenhouses can produce well.

Density Dependence And Its Effects In Ecosystems Environmental Sciences Essay

Describe the difference between the footings critical routine and transporting subject for an ecosystem. Elaborate on the construct of denseness dependance. How does the denseness dependance affect the critical figure and carry capacity in an ecosystem?Critical figure refers to the trivial(a)est pr processical figure of existences required in a given species that is indispensable to prolong the universe in a executable province so that it can vex in being. A lessening in this minimal nation base go out hold negative impacts on the staying croaking members which may take to their ultimate extinction.Transporting capacity refers to the largest possible figure of persons of a species that an environment can prolong for an indefinite period of clip, without considerable negative effects on the given being and its environment. In other words, it is the tote up of resources that is operational in the environment that can be maximally exploited by the organisms nowa daylights at that place, that will carry to the beings well-being, without inauspicious effects on the ecosystem. An addition in the carrying capacity will usually take to a lessening in the ecosystem s ability to jeopardize up life in the long tally, which will take to population lessening, and frailty versa.Population denseness is the figure of persons per unit sylvan in an environment the population denseness determines the possible effects of certain environmental factors on continued population bring forthing. These factors are separated into two types, viz. Density dependent literally factor dependent on denseness, this phrase refers to the addition or lessening in the strength of the effects of environmental factors on a population in proportion to the denseness of the population. ( more beings means more competition and less alimental available for the remainder and frailty versa )Density independent literally means independent of denseness this phrase means that the effec ts of some environmental factors do non depend on the denseness of the population. ( sudden unbearable environment alteration, all organisms dies irrespective of population size )Population normally remains within a certain scope when environmental factors are density dependant. As population denseness additions, environmental aspiration intensifies, and finally causes an addition in mortality that leads to a lessening in population. As population denseness decreases, environmental op come out diminishes, leting the population to retrieve. In the terminal, it is alterations in the environmental op go under ( Carrying capacity ) that allow populations to increase or diminish, and this can change annually due to environmental conditions. If population exceeds the transporting capacity, so the population experiences a J-curve clang. If the population is depleted below the critical figure, the lasting members become more vulnerable and extinction may be ineluctable.However, in density- independent instances where a peculiar modification factor moves outside an being s scope of tolerance ( much(prenominal) as a fire or darksome freezing ) , the being dies irrespective of population size, critical figure or the transporting capacity of the ecosystem.Q2. Define biologic Wealth we ve discussed in category. How do the two sorts of harbor affect the biological wealth? Please supply some illustrations of our day-to-day life for each sort of the cherish and explicate how we evaluate those valuesBiological wealth is represented by the biodiversity ( described by life scientist as entirety of cistrons, species, and ecosystems of a part ) found on Earth. It is by and large apply to mention to the natural biological wealth that supports human life and wellbeing. Biological wealth is viewed based on 2 sorts of value1. Instrumental Value define as the value something has because it may turn out utilein obtaining other things of valueBiological wealth has instrumental value because it can be used to profit human existences.Many of these items-food, shelter, medical examination specialty, transit, and clothing-are themselves extremely prized for their part to human wellness and wellbeing.Examples of Instrumental values includeI. Beginning of nutrient, stuffs, agribusiness and developmentMany raft around the universe depend on these biological sources for their nutrient, shelter, and vesture. Materials such as woodland, gum elastic, fibres and oil can be obtained straight form biological beginnings. To provide and house a turning human population, more footing is being transformed from wilderness into agricultural, excavation, lumbering, and urban countries for worlds.two. Beginning of MedicineA important sum of modern and traditional medicative merchandises are derived, straight or indirectly, from biological resources. triple. Global Health BenefitsNatural ecosystem services that reduces pollution, purifies water system, prevents eroding, r egulates clime and C sinks.four. BusinessBusiness Development the macrocosm of some concerns are based on providing goods and services ( lumber, paper, nutrient and medical specialty ) obtained from the environment.v. LeisureLeisure include activities like boosting, bird-watching and picture taking in biologically mystifying topographic time periods.2. Intrinsic Value value for its ain interestNon-material benefits that can be attained from the environment include aesthetic, cultural, spiritual and ghostlike values, cognition and instruction. Philosophically, it could be said that biological wealth has built-in values for human existences. However, intrinsic value can be subjective and it is hard to delegate basic value to such state of affairss. The thought is that our judgements of intrinsic value are tied to existent state of affairss. The hedonic definition seems to be appropriate in this respect, for illustration, hedonism provinces that pleasance is the lone thing with positive intrinsic value and trouble the lone thing with negative intrinsic value. So working from here, pleasance is derived by the masses when sing the aesthetically-pleasing signifiers present in a natural environment, religious values such as peace and enlightenment can be achieved through religious connexion on sacred sites, some faiths give Godhead address to selected species ( cattles are considered holy in India ) , culturally, certain animate beings are revered as spirit ushers by the Native Americans and knowledge can be gained through observation and survey of the interactions within the system.EffectssHowever, irrespective of the higher upmentioned values assigned to biological wealth, the available biological resources are still being progressively exploited with small respect of their impact on the environment ( ensuing in degraded ecosystems and change magnitude biodiversity loss, species loss being accelerated by human activity ) , the focal point being on short -run additions and non the long-run effects, therefore ensuing in a go oning loss of biological wealth. This tendency can non go on as the well-being of future coevalss depends on the preservation and careful style of our biological wealth so as to protect and heighten their biodiversity.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, SingaporeThe Wetlands WaltzI want to waltz in the wetlands,The swamps, the fens and the bogs, ( oh, the bogs ) .Yes, I want to waltz in the wetlands,With the birds, and the fish and the toads.I want to waltz in the wetlands, a topographic point where nature gets by,And Ia will crya will shout when the wetlands are dry.Yes Ia will crya will shout when the wetlands are dry.by The EcotonesSongs from the Water WorldIntroductionSungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is located in the Northwest of the chief island of Singapore. The name is of Malay beginning, with Sungei intending River and Buloh intending Bamboo .Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is a genus Rhizophora mangle swamp. Th e distinguishing characteristic of a Rhizophora mangle swamp is that it is dominated by low trees or tall bushs, normally over 30 % screen, turning on clay flats in tropical coastal countries where the tidal scope is little. The roots of the Rhizophora mangle workss extend out into the clay flats, and hook silt which accumulates to organize the swamp. These swamps support a broad assortment of works species and offer protection for several animate beings.A wetland is defined as a land where the pee tabular array is at, near or above the surface or which is saturated for a long adequate period to advance such characteristics as wet-altered damns and H2O tolerant flora. ( Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, 1996 ) . The H2O may be fresh or saline, acidic or basic, depending on the beginning ( Carter, 1997 )Wetlands play an indispensable bionomical function and have resources of economic, cultural and scientific value, but they are normally drained to make room for agricultur al nutrient production or alternate land usage. Wetlands carry out a scope of ecosystem maps they include flood manage, stabilisation of dirt and storage of C. Wetlands anyhow produces nutrient, fuel, wood, medical specialty and edifice stuff.Wetlands are one of the most biodiverse of all the ecosystems. Their biodiversity includes different species of works life, fish, reptilians, amphibious vehicles, mammals and avifauna of occupant and migratory birds. Wetlands are beautiful excessively small of this sort of natural Eden exist and they can be a tourer attr spry force and recreational sites for bird-watching and picture taking.Wetlands are a recharge part for H2O Wetlands shop extra H2O or rainfall for release through recharge of rivers and groundwater aquifers at times when there is a drouth. The recharging of aquifers, raises the H2O tabular array doing groundwater easy accessible ( Kenya state paper, 1998 ) . Without the wetlands, the country would lose some of its fine st trees, and non alone those that grow within it. The H2O table extends everyplace, and the roots of the workss grow towards it but the wetlands keep the degree accessible. Wetlands besides act as a H2O purification system, filtrating out the surface run-off deposits, radical affair and foods.Components of WetlandsA wetland possess three types of status, the country should hold a typical wetland hydrology, flora, and dirts.HydrologyAn equal and uninterrupted supply of H2O is indispensable for wetlands to be. The H2O beginnings for wetlands include atmospheric H2O, precipitation, ground-water flow and surface-water flow. The land is characterized with wetland hydrology if the country is either for good or sporadically inundated, or there is a recurrent, sustained impregnation of the upper portion of the substrate to make an anaerobiotic environment. This duration and frequence of impregnation must at lower limit, be able to keep the flora or other beings of wetlands, such as ch aracteristic fleshly and chemical characteristics of wetland substrate. Field indexs of wetland hydrology include ocular observation of flood, H2O borne debris deposition peculiarly in above land flora, H2O borne sediment sedimentation on workss and other perpendicular objects, drainage forms within wetlands including scouring, and H2O stained ( blackened or grey ) ( ITRC, 2005 ) .Hydric SoilsHydric dirts are dirts that are sporadically or for good saturated with H2O. The boggy dirt is normally lacking in O. These dirts are wet, dark-coloured, is high in alimentary content and in organic stuff. Field indexs of hydric dirts include histosols, which are organic dirts or any deepness of organic stuff on bedrock sulfidic stuff ( H2S ) in mineral dirts breathing the odor of the icky egg and cut downing dirt conditions as indicated by gleyed dirt. ( ITRC, 2005 ) .GeomorphologyMost wetlands originate in topographic depressions, lands with a lower lift than the environing countries, t hese include wetland basins, lakes, pools and river vales. These depressions may be created by a series of natural happenings such as glacier motion, air current, H2O moving ridges, or tidal action or by procedures linked to tectonics, remission, or prostration. Sometimes wetlands can organize on a incline, this occurs in topographic points where the H2O tabular array intersects the land surface in countries where the land is inclining. Standing H2O in wetlands is either the consequence of surface implosion therapy or rock outcrop of the H2O tabular array, which is the top of the saturated partition off where pore force per unit area peers atmospheric force per unit area ( Freeze and Cherry, 1979 ) .Hydrophytic plant lifeThe prevailing flora consists of aquatic plants or H2O fitted works species and is classified into obligate or facultative groups. These works species are specifically adapted to turn in moisture, anaerobiotic dirt conditions. Obligate wetland workss ( OBL ) have roots that are good adapted to H2O and saturated dirts, they are found merely in wetlands ( more than 99 % of the clip ) . facultative wetland workss can digest standing H2O or saturated dirts and occur in wetlands 67-99 % of the clip. The recognized cadence for judging an country to be a wetland requires that the prevailing flora are made up of more than 50 % of Obligate Wetland Plants ( OBL ) , Facultative Wetland Plants ( FACW ) , Facultative Plants ( FAC ) , and Facultative Upland Species ( FACU ) .Supply your observation/guess on how this ecosystem evolves to its current position.Since Sungei Buloh Wetland is by definition a coastal, seawater, mangrove swamp located in Asia. It is possible to presume that in the yesteryear, it was probable to be a au naturel country where salt H2O meets land, and are flooded by day-to-day scends. The H2O in the country is likely slow-moving and slightly sheltered, which allows deposition of deposit and organic stuff to take topograph ic point, every bit good as workss to take root.Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve is to day of the month bordered by Rhizophora mangle woods. mangroves are normally the first species to turn on tropical shores as they can propagate successfully in a marine environment because of particular versions. This mangrove species may hold originated in the Indo-Malayan Region, sing the fact that there are more mangrove species present in this part than anyplace else in the universe. It was found that mangroves colonized this country around 6820 BP, as sea degree rose following the last glacial upper limit and a variable thickness of Holocene littorals, claies and peats were deposited over the land surface ( snicker et al, 2004 ) .A bare coastline is an inhospitable environment mangrove workss are the primary replacements in this instance because of their ability to last in seawater enables them to colonise coastal countries where no other assortments of tree can last. Mangrove workss bit by bit restore the dirt by perforating and air outing it. They start with seting down shoots into the substrate, which trap and clasp deposits in topographic point which prevents clouding and silting of Waterss every bit good as accumulate a bed of dirt. Their roots map as an ground tackle, and since they grow in dirt with low O, are adapted with aerial roots, which allow them to absorb atmospheric O. As they grow, they produce new rootlets at in turn higher degrees above the high tide degree ( Collins 1990 ) . As dirt quality improves, a gradual consecutive community of workss that were ab initio less tolerant of the buffer environment will get down turning in the country, finally making a flood tide wetland forest ecosystem.Ocean tides, freshwater run over and inland rivers provide foods such as nitrates, nitrites and minerals to nurture the flora of this wetland. In add-on, the Rhizophora mangle wood acts as a vegetive buffer zone against eroding along coastline and promotes depositi on of deposit and alluvial stuffs. Coastal wetland swamps are extremely productive and supports a big figure of beings. Mangrove leaves serve as the foundation of the nutrient web and provides nutrient for direct feeders such as pediculosis pubiss and fish. Their decaying leaves initiate the debris nutrient web. The interweaving roots of Rhizophora mangle workss act as aquatic babys rooms for the immature of fish and shellfish every bit good as nutrient and protection against larger marauders. A figure of animate beings besides use this ecosystem as a home ground, shacking in the canopy, roots, clay or H2O. A big assortment of bird species, which includes migratory birds besides feed on the rich zoology of pelecypods, pediculosis pubiss, worms and mollusk. Sing that abovementioned province is still observed in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, it is extremely likely that a flood tide ecosystem has been reached and there is a dynamic balance between all of the species and the physical en vironment.What is human s function in the ecosystem succession/evolution procedure and what are the responses from the ecosystem to the perturbation?Back in 1820, mangrove forest originally covered an estimated 13 % ( 7,800 hour angle ) of Singapore ( Corlett, 1987a & A 1987b ) . Today, less than 5 % remains. Bird et Al. ( 2004 ) found that the Rhizophora mangle from Sungei Buluh wetland unobtrusiveness to Kranji Dam, a mere 87 hour angle, represented the largest integral Rhizophora mangle forest left on mainland Singapore.Harmonizing to the Straits Settlement Government Gazette Reports of the Botanic Gardens, 1890, the Sungei Buloh country was a forest modesty from 17th April, 1890, but ceased to be a forest modesty on 4th April, 1938, ( Straits Settlement Government Gazette, 1938 ) . During this clip period, due to a lifting rural population, shrimp agriculture became the pillar of those settling the seashore, and development of nutrient, fuel, poles and wood were allowed in the modesty.From 1946 to 2001, aerial exposure used to analyse Rhizophora mangle alterations brought somewhat the decision that development generated important alterations in the distribution of Rhizophora mangles. In 1946, the Sungei Buloh mangrove forest was reduced to 117.3 hour angle. However, following this period of clip, the Rhizophora mangle was able to actively colonise the coastal mudflats, adding 6.24 hour angle of Rhizophora mangle screen until 1980. Unfortunately in 1980, 50 % of the entire country covered by Rhizophora mangles was cleared for aquaculture. The resulting building of Kranji Dam in 1980 brought about a subsequent lessening in sediment supply, which initiated eroding along the shoreline. Consequently, the vegetive boundary has receded by up to 50 metres in 2001.In 1986, a group of devouring birdwatchers from the Singapore Branch of the Malayan Nature Society noted the surprisingly big assortment of bird species including migratory birds in the wetlands. Ackno wledging the ecological value of this country, they wrote a proposal to the authorities inquiring for its saving. This suggestion was taken up by the authorities and finally, 87 hour angle of wetlands was given the position of nature park in 1989. Subsequently, the country was carefully developed to let visitant handiness and was officially opened on 6 Dec 1993 by so Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The Rhizophora mangle wood is now renewing under the protection provided by the Nature Reserve.How/what can we make to do this ecosystem sustainable?In order to keep the wetland s biological diverseness and productiveness and to let wise usage of their resources by human existences, preservation and sustainable usage of this wetland and its resources is of import. Sustainable usage is based on cognition of environmental, socio-economic and policy factors. From this, some guidelines can be developed for sustainable wetland direction.Sustainable Wetland Management some factors to seeFrom hyp ertext conveyancing protocol //wetlands.hud.ac.uk/sustainability.htmThey include1. Creation of public consciousness on the importance of wetlands for the environment.Educate the populace on the function of wetlands in deposit and eroding control saving of H2O quality, cut downing pollution care of surface and land H2O supply and part to climatic stableness.2. Promote understanding and acknowledgment of the maps and values of wetland home grounds.This includes their esthetic, cultural, spiritual, societal, economic, educational and recreational value.3. Conservation of bing wetlands and their biodiversityThis includes Restoration and recovery of altered wetlands and alternate wetland direction determinations that includes non-intervention ( but includes monitoring ) limited intercession active direction.4. Research on wetlandProper surveies should be carried out on the values, maps and use of each type of wetland, every bit good as its ecological position and agricultural potenc y that can be exploited without impairing its maps and transporting capacity.5. Survey of developments that are likely to hold an impact on wetlands.This is to forestall the continued debasement, transition and send packing of wetlands.6. Sustainable direction of wetlandsThrough the development and exchange of cognition about sustainable utilizations.7. Formulation of policy on wetlandsConsultations can be carried out among authorities, donnish establishment, and community-based organisations to make policies and statute law, which includes impact appraisal and rating to modulate wetland usage.8. Factors impacting the achievement of long-run direction aimsWith the designation of the long term intent, all important factors which may impact or impede their accomplishment should be identified. This include natural factors such as natural sequence in flora, precipitation induced hesitation in H2O degree and clime alteration and human-induced factors such as perturbation, pollution a nd development.

Marketing Principles Innocent Smoothies: STP Essay

Segmentation, Targeting, PositioningPositioningAccording to Kotler and Keller (2006), placing the product in a position where it is in demand, attractive and unique to the customer in relation to the products of its competitors is known as market positioning. Innocent has a reputable stance in the market, being known for its image of good will and helpfulness. From the companys contributions to kindliness to the fun, lighthearted word choice of their products labels, Innocent successfully portrays itself as being a brand which above all, wishes good health for the consumers of their smoothies. The reputation which Innocent Smoothies holds is thanks to the values upon which the company was first established. Head of communication theory for Innocent Drinks, Charlotte Rawlins, stated that You have to build from your principles and make sure theres a good product at the heart of it (and) if thats the case, a good reality and image will follow.A wide variety of product characteristics have ensured that this image of Innocent Drinks is preserved. ampere-second% recycled bottles, donating to their own charity foundation, introducing kids packs, ensuring their product has health benefits such as contributing to piles 5-a-day, jokes and heart-warming messages on their packagingeven their innocently drawn logo of a somewhat juvenile draftsmanship of a smiley face contribute to giving the impression that Innocent Drinks are as Innocent as their companys name. (Need references from partner).Innocent is rated as the more or less environmentally concerned company. Tropicana is next in line. Consumers that buy smoothies on a regular basis (once a week) and consumers that buy smoothies very rarely both check on the fact that Innocents work ethics are above those of its competitors. Also, even though Innocent is the most expensive out of its primary(prenominal) competitors, 69% of respondents have said that Innocent smoothies are worth every penny. Nevertheless, Tropic ana had a 73% rate, own brands had a 65%, 42% for Happy putter around and 29% for Coldpress.Segmentation/TargetingThe smoothie market is divided into varying groups of consumers, which all differ in characteristics, behavior or needs. These contrasting groups might seek different products of the marketing mix. This is known as market segmentation (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Innocent targets people that are health conscious, since their smoothies have no added sugar and are made 100% from fruits. They do not have any sort of colourings, flavourings or genetically modified products. Another group of people that Innocent smoothies are aimed at is time-strained people or workers, this being because of the practicality of the product. It is not only healthy, small and filling, but contributes to unrivaleds 5-a-day fruit and veggie count.By having one small 250 ml smoothie, one is already having 2 of their 5-a-day. This is easy for those who have difficult times getting their diets bala nced with their work. A third group of buyers that Innocent attracts are parents. Kids diets are extremely important while growing up and a smoothie is always a more appealing option to a young one than a piece of fruit. Innocent is a better option in every way than a fizzy soft drink which probably has no nutritionary value and more sugar.Geographically, Innocent has expanded from a small stand at a concert in London to having a presence in France, Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland and Denmark. Demographically, Innocent has focused on young kids in an essential growth stage of their lives all the way up to mid-age men and women workers who struggle to maintain a healthy and balanced diet. People with active lifestyles tend to consume this type of product more since it offers a trouble-free on-the-go option.

Autobiography of a Classroom Essay

I am a genuinely tumid classroom in a well-known public drill. I cater to needs of the kindergarten class of the drill, suit I think about eighty five children, a big number isnt it? I understand that I am the best looking room in the school as, the very baseborn children study here. I am very attractively decorated so that the little ones like to get along with here every day. The room that is me is decorated with beautiful coloured pictures. The walls are a blend of few colours I do not know the names of.The furniture that is placed in the length and breadth of the room consists of small round tables to seat four children on each table, and the chairs are withal tiny. That is not all, all the furniture is a mixture of m all colours. When the children acquire inside the class they about fight to sit on certain chairs. That makes me understand that they like the colours and fight for their favourite colours to sit on. At the top two ends of the length of the classroom t here are two large tables and full size chairs for the teachers to sit.Since there are so umteen children there are two teachers piece in other classes there is only one each. I am a treat for everyone to see. My diversion knows no bounds when everyone who hangs inside the class, admires me, appreciates my get up and the colours that don me. I have the jibe advantage of being the most beautiful room in the school and also having the cutest of children coming to expire their time with me. Thus, my life is full of beauty, colour, noise and laughter and at times of course also hollo and howling of the children.At times some new entrants to the school come to me with their mothers and, cry as if they had come to the slaughter house to be butchered. At such moments even by heart cries for the little ones and I wonder why man makes these little children come to study if they do not want to. I of course do not know how important studies are for human children, I only odour sad see ing the children cry. My life is full of a very busy schedule though very interesting.The routine of my daily life is so busy that, I do not get any relief for quite long hours. In the morning as early as 6 a. m.two areaers come open the lock of my room or rather me, and off they start buy the farming on me. They sweep my floor, squab it, dust each and every piece of the furniture in me. Thus, I get alerted as soon the room is unlocked. It is not even 8 a. m. when the little brats start pouring inside my probosciss doors. At times they attain with so much noise that my whole body looks the go of it all. Their movements are so loud that now, I give the gatenot even think of any rest. School bags get flung, lunch boxes are strewn all about, water bottles are kept just anywhere and there is a divvy up of commotion all over.Soon the maid enters the room and keeps everything in order and my appearance at at one time improves and I look tidy and well kept. For these small ones t he school hours are just three from, 8 a. m. to 11 a. m. These three hours is my duty time, and just is the time when I also get the days entertainment. Being a classroom for the Kindergarten children I get a great chance of hearing conversations surrounded by the teachers and the parents. Since this is the first time their children have entered school, parents devote a lot of time to talking about the school and its standards.At times I find that some parents are just too critical and, inspite of get all the best in this school they always seem to be unhappy and dissatisfied with something or the other in the school. Such parents keep lecturing about things missing in the classroom, the school or even in the playground. When I hear such complaints, my heart sinks and I wonder if they will stick out or not allow their children to come to me any more,. For such conversations I have understood that, these experienced age parents pamper the children too much, and it seems that they can never yes, never be satisfied.I am quite move to see the vast difference in opinions. While on the one hand I, and also many parents think that I am very beautiful, well kept, and decorated, others of the same clan are always sound off of many defects in my appearance. This gives me a feeling of depression and I do wonder if I can do anything in the matter. After some thinking bouts, I realize that, I can do nothing to satisfy these unhappy parents. I am just here in the hands of the school authorities and stand here as and how they keep me. My working hours are just six, from 6 a. m. when sweepers enter to say 12 noon when I am locked after all children go.After my duty hours I just relax but also feel lonely. No matter what is said about me, I am thoroughly enjoying my life in the cute company of little children. Their company makes me also feel young though now I am quite old. Every summer vacation I am painted afresh, my furniture is painted, and, I am ready to welcome my little friends, new and old with a new look, new enthusiasm and renewed vigour. I pray that my life is forever allowed to stay on so interesting and so relaxed. I just love all the children and teachers who come here to me, to work and play in the restricted area within my four walls.

Wegmans Swot Analysis

Wegmans Strength Wegmans is not provided strong in its presence for exciting shoppers eyes with its great food emporium, but to a fault a company that shows that they care a lot about their employees. It recently early the title of being wiz of the top Fortune 100 companies to work for due to its great assistance programs and employee benefits. From overseas training in wine, cheese, etc, for department managers to scholarships for their young people.These also apply to the way they serve nodes. Other perks received while working(a) for Wegmans implicate job sharing, compressed workweeks, and telecommuting thus, offering more flexibility in employee lifestyles. The lesser bare strengths are their demographic research to build in the right locations,a strong Store Brands program, and their health & wellness initiatives.Wegmans also has a strong and efficient supply chain agreement, in which it uses the farm to market system thus reducing the companys inventory holding costs and getting the produce into the stores as quickly as possible. Weakness Still a considerable amount of people have a preconceived notion that Wegmans prices are consistently higher than those of other chains. Knowing this, Wegmans tried hard to reduce this for the last 10 ten years to acheive the everyday pocket-size price seal in many a(prenominal) of its high volume products.A strong private label program has accelerated Wegmans effort to keep the prices to low however, this has ignited an outcry from manufacturers and suppliers who compete for shelf space and claim Wegmans house brand is overextended in some(prenominal) areas thus, causing frustration among customers about the lack of a national brand options. Other internal challenges that Wegmans sine qua non to overcome is its pricing policy and brink requirements that creates strained relationship with vendors OpportunityWegmans see an increaseing market potential to satisfy the growing demand for organics and health fo od products. The increase in square feet of its Nature market signal section reflects Wegmans nimble efforts to become the food emporium showcasing the hottest natural food trends in the industry. Another large Wegmans opportunity is business expansion in the U. S, since it still regionally compact and limited to 75 units in the Mid-atlantic and the Northeast coast. Threat There is increasing competition from two fronts high-end (Whole Foods) and price competitive (Wal-Mart, and Aldi).Giant Foods is also a regional competitor that is currently doing a complete renovation of its stores. Other external threats include an economic downturn that affect core shopper spending habits. With the increasing trend towards convenience, ecommerce giants such as virago is also a big contender in competing consumer spending. In this highly competitive low margin grocery industry, Wegmans need to understand their core competencies and focus on what they deliver best high customer service, strong s tore brand program, and exciting dining and shopping experience.

Children of the Taliban

Children of the Taliban 1. The government civilize system has completely collapsed. The lack of funding and cohesiveness amongst educators and government has ca utilize the system to literally crumble. School buildings be also in war zones and a lot of them are structurally unsafe at this point. They live with been replaced by schools of the Taliban. The Taliban actually offer guaranteed food and shelter to the children who attend their schools.Parents will even receive a monthly stipend. While madrassas are usually seminaries that teach different schools of thought, the Taliban use them to teach radically Moslem fundamentalism. Basically, they are brainwashing children into becoming jihadists or martyrs. On camera the man stated madrassas are used to teach children to play a positive role in society and that peace and love are vital to success. This was not the same explanation when the camera was off. 2.Over a million Pakistanis live in refugee in their confess country becaus e the Taliban are such a strong presence, the Pakistani military doesnt prolong enough resources to provide protection to every citizen. Ironically, the Pakistani army is not so great either as they take over homes if needed. So, to escape war zones, jihadist recruitment, and death, Pakistani citizens are forced to leave their own homes. This is the largest internal displacement of a population of citizens. 3.Because these deal wee-wee been living daily with war, many of them have become accustomed to the sound of explosions and gunfire. For example, when the children were being interviewed, gunshots and bombs went off, yet the two little girls were completely calm. Depending on their influence, people either begin to grow resentment for the Taliban, the Pakistani government, or the United States. When civilians get hurt from U. S. rocket strikes, the Taliban use the aftermath to recruit children.

Islamic Studies

ISLAMIC STUDIES Topic- Moslem Principle Of product line And Marketing & Present craft Evils GROUP MEMBERS- Nauman Mushtaq Raja Hammad Ahmed kiani Farhad Sh aref Shamsher Ali Daniyal Haider The teaching of Islam describe that Islam is a complete code of life. Since we talking ab forbidden military control and commercializeing in that respectfore Islam give brief explanation ab step forward it. From the Islamic point of Islamic the head start priority of trade should be pleasing Allah and establishing Halal as a commission of life. Seeking wampum is non a bad aim, only it should be secondary.By fashioning Allah the goal, and implementing Islamic rules of cartwheel, simpleness, and good behavior with customers, Insha Allah, either Muslim credit line is bound to boom. Following are the characteristic that should need to present in Islamic stock and marketing- (1)H peerlesssty (2)Trust (3)Fair and Kind (4) true(p)ness (5)Justice HONESTY IN BUSINESS The set apart pro phet (pbuh) was declared non only if Sadiq and Amin that he was an honest blood man. This is proved by Hazrat Khadija who was richest lady of Makkah. She gave a some things to sell and she sends her servant with him.But Holy seer (pbuh) proved his honesty brilliantly. Honesty is needed in everything we do. From the domesticated bailiwick of daily routine or office work to studies, honesty makes the real difference. Honesty makes it slowly for us to survive because an honest person is truthful and such(prenominal) a person does non cut back into each(prenominal) trouble. The sad fact of the present day is the lack of honesty in volume. Lies, and untrustyy has induce standard in everyday matters and it is a common perception that no one can enchant rid of them now.This point of view is wrong, why cannot we live exchangeable honest humans? If one thinks that honesty cannot be achieved or truthfulness is a dream now this is wrong, just by practicing Islam truly in its true spirit we can achieve altogether this without devising any special plans or any complex system of examples. The macrocosm today is a big line hub, i. e. it is a stage traffic market now. There are some main stock exchanges that control the money in give and out flow of the origination for example, wall street etc. these stock exchanges are actually business centers where whole world trades.Unfortunately, with the Jewish intervention in the business and introduction of riba in business, there has left no honesty and no halal money in the business any often. The best examples of the honesty in business are the prophets of Islam. From Quran we learn that prophet Yusuf a. s. used to look after the financial matters of the state as His own choice. Thats why It is called that honesty is the best policy, and then honesty is the best policy. When a business man is honest, he leave alone never sell a low quality product and go out never earn unjustified avail.Thus, an h onest business man pass on be God fearing and will never ever dodge his customers all over the merchandising. An honest business man will never same(p) to go for unjust means to append his earnings neither will he ever like to give bribes or accept bribes thus with honesty in business, the curses of bribery and riba can be shunned. Hazrat abu bakar siddique r. a was one of the best and honest business men of Arabia. He was very rich and his financial as well as moral help was appreciated by Muhammad s. a. w. w as well. He was some(prenominal) honored in his region because he was honest in business.There are several(prenominal) examples in the Muslim world who did not only do business honestly but as well earned oftentimes to a greater extent than those who like to earn black money. In honest business ALLAH gives His blessings, thus honesty indeed is the best policy. The illusionist has state the honest and truthful businessman will be in Jannah amongst the prophesiers the T ruthful and the martyrs. Honesty and truthfulness are essential in this business. And when it comes to Muslim businesses, it means building a blood of trust with customers, which cannot be done with lies and eceit. The Holy Quran already explains the factor of honesty in business and in every matter of life. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) has a great business skill due(p) to which he was offered marriage. But unfortunately our current business mensurates see been changing day by day. Our environment is lacking in honesty. For having a good business policy we should need to be honest. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) utter,if you sell goods on lie basis then your goods would be sold with your faith.For instance if there is any medicine who will get expire any shop continueer sell to any uneducated person and he got infection, a person who got infected will complain to doctor not to pharmacy shop keeper. Today lie call on the trend we just to sell a 300Rs dress would lie some(prenominal) tim e. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said selling thing upon lie basis would flaw trust of former(a)s. TRUST IN BUSINESS For having a successful business a trust of people is require. This does not mean that only one sided trust is require but from both seller and acquireer. This enhances cleanse understanding and good communication.A Unit Trust is an authorisement vehicle that rents investors to take advantage of commit in a diversified group of stocks which manages risk and exposure to one or a few stocks. It also offers the opportunity to participate in the long-term performance of the stock market. Islamic Unit Trusts add opposite aspects that are a screening process to remove stocks of companies deemed to be inappropriate for Muslim investors and cleansing or purification of a companys profits by removing any income derived from non-Shariah complaint sources, such as interest a company would earn on its depose accounts and donating them to charities.Therefore, Islamic unit trust schemes are required to additionally appoint a Shariah committee or to ensure that their operations are in accordance with Shariah. Islamic Unit Trusts can invest in many financial products in ceremonious financial markets which are not interest- base, or where the element of interest could be eliminated, such as billet silver, commodities, financial options and futures and forward transactions in foreign currency. They can take advantage of international markets maturement by giving priority to comeliness enthronisations in Islamic banks and financial institutions, stock markets ofMuslim countries and companies managed under the Islamic system. The manager of a Unit Trust vulgar fund would typically invest the pooled money in a portfolio which may include the asset classes such as cash, bonds and deposits, shares, property and commodities tangible assets represent more than 51% of the portfolio. Islamic Unit Trusts perk up also a wide range of investment options based on g rowth and income, open-ended, redeemable, etc. Their investments can cover international equity markets, currencies and properties.A Mudarabah fund can invest in a specific business activity on the basis of profit and loss share Murabahah fund invest in companies whose transactions are undertaken on a cost-plus basis by means of Musharakah the Unit Trust and the third party contribute cash in hand in a joint venture, producing equity participation And in Ijarah fund, the Islamic Trust finances equipment, building or entire project for a third party against an agreed rental. Besides, there will be no restriction to stop non-Muslims investing in an Islamic Unit Trust.A good analogy with Islamic Unit Trusts is one of estimable and unripe Unit Trusts. Here the universe of investable securities is limited by certain criteria based on moral and estimable considerations (muamalah. com 2009). An good investment is the principle of investing in companies which make a positive contribu tion to the world and avoiding those which harm the world, its people or its wildlife. Societys increasing awareness of its environmental and social responsibilities is impacting on financial services, more and more investments based on ethical principles are now available.Some may think that the restrictions imposed by ethical investment with strict criteria may result in weaker performance however ethical funds score often matched or beaten their non-ethical counterparts. Ethical investments are generally made through managed funds such as unit trusts which specialty is to seek profits for investors slice conforming to certain ethical criteria such as that the company is not problematical in activities like illegal armaments, gambling or pornography, or that it doesnt produce or distribute alcohol, tobacco or drugs.Before buying shares of companies in a chosen sector, an ethical fund manager will run checks on that company to find out if it has interests in a number of areas ac cording to pre- instructd criteria. Accordingly, clients who invest in ethical funds can be sure that their money will be invested in companies that engage in legal and ethical activities. Islamic Unit Trusts investments are also based on specific criteria based on morality, the main criteria is to not share in transactions which lease the paying and receiving of interest.Islamic Unit Trusts should be run on a transparent and modern corporate basis and up-to-date accounting and within a legal mannequin in conformity with the Shariah. In the same way the decision to invest in the case of ethical unit trusts is made by the fund managers, based on information received from various superior bodies and specially constituted committees of reference, the decision in the case of Islamic unit trusts is conditioned by the a binding approval from the Shariah Boards which consist of established religious scholars who make a decision based on the interpretations of particular operations and contexts.A person can earn money by two means one is agriculture and the former(a)(a) is business. If business is not done according to the ethics then there will always be inflation and shortage of goods. As it can be seen in the case of many commodities like wheat, sugar etc. It is due to the stocking in, speculation and the selfishness of some businessmen. The government has also become a bargainer itself, while the shariah has stopped the Islamic government from affair. As it can be seen that business is an important part of life, the Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) said, People get 9/10 of their daily bread by trade. Islam explains the concept of righteous trade by dissevering business ethics. If trade or any other thing is done against the morals and creed then this will lead to the bad end on the day of resurrection. Also by the law the person guilty of illegal business would end up nowhere. Islam emphasizes on the importance of the business ethics a mete out. Allah says i n the Quran, they say that buying is also like interest but Allah has declared buying as permissible and interest as forbidden. And When you buy or sell then make someone a witness of it. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, If trade was not there then you would have become a burden on others. He also said that A trader is the guardian of the means of daily bread and a keeper of the dignity of himself and other people. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) encouraged the trust worthy traders by these spoken language, A trustworthy and truthful merchandiser shall be with the prophets and the truthful and the martyrs and the righteous. God shows mercy to a person who is kindly when he sells, when he buys and when he makes a claim The prophet emphasized on the truthfulness and the righteousness of the businessmen a lot. He said that Verily, merchants shall be raised up sinners on the day of resurrection, except he who fears God, and is good, and speaks the truth. As Musli ms, we have to adhere to ethical standards, not only in business but also in all aspects of life. Both business and ethics are interrelated. There is a reference to this point in the Quran, For you in the Messenger of Allah is a fine example to follow. Allah Almighty says, To the Madyan people (we sent) Shuaib, one of their own brethren he said O my people Worship Allah. You have no other god but Him. And give not short verse or weight. I see you in prosperity, but I fear for you the punishment of a day that will compass (you) all rounds. And O my people Give just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due commit not evil in the land with role to do mischief. That which is left you by Allah is best for you, if you (but) believedBut I am not set over you to keep watch At one Place Hazrat Ali said, if you dog your friend then dont think you had brilliantly dodged but think that how much he still trust upon you. FAIR IN BUSINESS Fair is another qu ality which is also needed for business. WE shouldnt concern with business whether it is keen or big, but we should be fair and kind with people and people with you. The Holy Quran and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have made it clear that a Muslim must be honest and upright in his business and monetary dealing.Also the true Muslim should keep his word and fulfill his promises, shun fraud and avoid deceit and perfidy, encroach not upon the rights of others, nor take part in wrongful litigation. Also a good Muslim does not give false testimony, and abstains from making unlawful money as from usury and graft. According to Islam whoever is not free from these vices, is not a true believer but a renegade and a atrocious transgressor. And the Quran is rich with verses that confirm all this. Allah says in the Quran, Eat not up each others property by unfair nd dishonest means. Allah forbids all unclean and corrupt means of making money, such as, dishonest trading, gambling, and bribery. And the Holy Quran has explained and draw such practices in many of its verses. He says, Woe to those that deal in fraud, those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure, but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due. Do they not think that they will be asked on a Mighty sidereal day when (all) mankind will stand ahead the Lord of the lords. some other example is given in the coming verse, where Allah urges Muslims to be very particular about their trusts and about other peoples rights. Allah does command you to render back your trust, to those to whom they are due. Major principles of fair business dealings According to Islam, the pursuit things must be avoided to commence fair business. 1. No fraud or deceit, the Prophet (P. B. U. H) is reported to have said, When a sale is held, say, theres no cheating 2. Sellers must avoid making excessively many oaths when selling merchandise. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) is reported to h ave said, Be careful of excessive oaths in a sale. Though it finds markets, it reduces abundance. 3. Mutual consent is necessary. The Prophet (P. B. U. H) is reported to have said, The sale is complete when the two involved depart with mutual consent. 4. Be strict in regard to weights and measures. The Prophet (P. B. U. H) said, When people cheat in weight and measures, their provision is cut off from them. He told the owners of measures and weights, You have been entrusted with affairs over which some nations before you were destroyed. 5. The Prophet (P.B. U. H) forbade monopolies. Whoever monopolizes is a sinner. 6. Free enterprise, the price of the commodities should not be fixed unless there is a federal agencyment of crisis or extreme necessity. 7. Hoarding merchandise in order to increase the prices is forbidden. 8. Transaction of forbidden (Haram) items, such as intoxicants, is forbidden. Fraud and dishonesty in business Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) has stressed the i mportance of honesty in most of his sermons, saying, Remember, there is no faith in him who is not trustworthy there is no place for him in religion who cares not for his ledged word or promise. He (PBUH) also said, The signs of a hypocrite are three, when he speaks, he is false, when he promises, he fails and when he is trusted, he plays false. Condemning those who cheat in business Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has said, He who cheats is not of us. Deceitfulness and fraud are things that lead one to Hell. Once Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) came upon a heap of corn in the market of Medina and thrust his hand onto it. His fingers felt damp. On universe asked, the trader replied that rain had fallen upon it. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) observed, Why did you not then keep (the wet piece of land of) it above the dry corn, so that men may see it? He, who bewrays, is not one of us. Thus traders who deceive by showing to customers a false sample or by concealing from them the defects of the p roduct theyre selling are not true Muslims in the judgment of Allah Prophet (PBUH) and, they are going to end up in hell. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, The seller must explain to the buyer the defects, if any, in the quality of the article offered for sale. Should this not be done, the seller will permanently be caught in the Wrath of Allah. In short, all expressive style of deceit and dishonesty in business is prohibited in Islam. The Holy Prophet has expressed his concentrated dislike for those who do so. The Prophets general advice to all people was that, What is lawful is clear and what is unlawful is clear, but betwixt them are certain doubtful things which many people do not recognize. He who guards against the doubtful things keep his religion and his honor blameless, but he who falls into doubtful things falls into what is unlawful, just as a shepherd who pastures his flocks round a sanctuary will soon pasture them in it.Every king has a sanctuary, and Gods sanctuar y is the things he had declared unlawful. Before the Prophet invited his people towards Islam, it was his truthfulness and trustworthiness which had earned for Muhammad (S. A. W. ) the empyrean titles of Sadiq (truthful) and Amin. Therefore, one must follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (P. B. U. H) in regard to business and all other aspects of life to become a good Businessman and hence, a better Muslim. Islam puts certain conditions and restrictions to obviate the chances of freshness between the employer and employees.Islam encourages and promotes the spirit of bash and brotherhood between them. According to the Islamic teachings it is the religious and moral business of the employer to take care of the overall welfare and betterment of his employees. Fair wages, good working conditions, suitable work and excellent brotherly treatment should be provided to the workers. The last Prophet of Allah (sws) has explained this principle in the following words Those are your brot hers workers under you who are around you, Allah has placed them under you.So, if anyone of you has someone under him, he should junket him out of what he himself eats, clothe him like what he himself puts on, and let him not put so much burden on him that he is not able to bear, and if that be the case, then lend your help to him. The Prophet (sws) also said I will be foe to three persons on the Last Day one of them being the one who, when he employs a person that has accomplished his duty, does not give him his due. The Prophet (sws) is also reported to have said The wages of the laborers must be paid to him before the feat dries upon his body. TRUTHFULNESS IN BUSINESSIn order to earn profit and making things Halal truthfulness is essential. People to buy things where ethics like truthfulness is present. Islam encourages truthfulness in business transactions and raises the status of a truthful merchant so much so that he will be at par with the sanctum sanctorum warriors and ma rtyrs, in the Hereafter. The Prophet (sws) is reported to have said The truthful merchant is rewarded by being ranked on the Day of Resurrection with prophets, veracious souls, martyrs and pious people. The Prophet (sws) has also exhorted the believers to strictly adhere to truthfulness in business transactions.He says The seller and the buyer have the right to keep or return the goods as long as they have not parted or till they part and if both the parties spoke the truth and described the defects and qualities of the goods, then they would be blessed in their transaction, and if they told lies or hid something, then the blessings of their transaction would be lost. The tradition implies that Allah blesses business dealings if both the buyer and the seller are true to each other. Telling lies and hiding facts will result in the loss of divine blessing. A tradition reads. The Holy Prophet said Traders are wicked people.The Companions asked O Messenger, has Allah not permitted busin ess? The Messenger replied Of course He has declared trading lawful. But they (i. e. the traders) will swear by Allah and do evil, they will not speak but tell lies. JUSTICE IN BUSINESS The Quran also emphasizes on the concept of justice. It is another types of ethics which is profoundly needed for running on the business. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, He who deals unfairly with others can never become useful member of society. Among the set of values the Quran and the Prophets sayings emphasize are the concepts of justice and benevolence.The concept of justice (Adl) occupies a central place in the frugal system of Islam. This value is prescribed in legal, social, moral and economic dealings. It is to be practiced with individuals, orphans, wives, tribes, communities and nations and even with peaceful enemies. It is applicable to speaking, giving witness, acting as a guardian, report an agreement, arbitrating between parties, dealing with other people, judging in a court of law and making business transactions. The concept of justice in an economic context encompasses fairness, equity, balance and equilibrium, symmetry and impartiality.The Quranic verses address individuals not only in their personal capacity but also in their capacity of being rulers, administrators, directors, employers, and all who deal with others. Justice, like truth, is a Divine virtue. Islam does not agree on this value as it does not compromise on truth. charm the Quran lays great emphasis on the value of justice, the Prophet has repeatedly persuaded the Muslims to stick to the value of Ihsan, which stands for benevolence, generosity, proficiency and magnanimity. The absence of Adl inflicts harm and disturbs peace and harmony, but the absence of Ihsan does not harm anybody.It implies a more liberal treatment than justice demands. It begins where the limits of justice end. Absolute justice is a legal requirement and, therefore, essential, but the Prophet, in line with the Quranic requirement, has persuaded his followers to behave magnanimously in claiming their rights and be generous in discharging their duty. While Adl eliminates injustice and exploitation and strikes a real balance between rights and responsibilities in society, Ihsan decorates the society with generosity, kindness, mercy, forgiveness, self sacrifice, mutual cooperation and affection. Adl is the primary condition for setting up an Islamic government, while Ihsan plays a vital role in building up a truly Islamic society the former is a legal phenomenon while the latter is moral and religious. When we say that prices must be just, or fair, does this justice or fairness involve a moral value? Wholesale prices for all the dealers are almost the same. Can we then unblock price variations at different centres? In Islamic law, if anybody charges an extraordinarily high price, it is termed as grave magic trick and is unacceptable.The Ottoman Code of Civil Law defines grave deception as higher th an 5% (profit) on goods, 10% on animals and 20% on immovable property. The concept lays down the rate of profit but not the sale price. As a matter of fact, the wholesale price alone does not determine the sale price. It is determined by locality, standard of intramural decoration, packing, service, environment and other overhead costs. A trader has to add all the incurred and accrued expenses to the wholesale price, in addition to a profit for himself/herself.What rate of profit he should charge is determined largely by market forces and the nature of the competition, given a figure or prevailing price. All this proves that the concept of a just price is not a moral concept except where monopolies or oligopolies arbitrarily fix an unrealistically high price quite out of proportion with costs. The concept of the right to justice is mentioned repeatedly in the Quran. There is quite a lot of detail in the passages relating to the freedom to justice.In Islam there are two concepts whi ch are considered, Ihsan and Adl. While Adl is typical of monotheistic religions, referring to the need for balance and equality when judging and individual, in Islam perhaps the more important term is Ihsan. Ihsan refers to making up an imbalance or an injustice by returning or giving back something to the person that is at disadvantage. As such, it is not only important to treat all people equally, but to allow those that are at an objective disadvantage compensation.These relate to the two most basic attributes of God, mercy and lenience (Al-Rahman and Al-Rahim. ) These two concepts are often compared to the love of a mother to her offspring. A parent must love equally all of his offspring, but if one of them has a handicap or requires special attention Ihsan dictates that a loving parent will give that child more to help him make his way in life. In the ideal Islamic society, the concept of justice necessarily reflects helping the disadvantaged, like widows, orphans, and those living with handicaps or in poverty. If Musharakah principle was applied to a bank which holds a huge amount of depositors money and no interest rates permitted to earn income, banks will be forced to invest in different projects whether it is in the raw or current. But the bank here is exposed to a risk of loss It encourages a bank to diversify its investments since interest is prohibited and that leads to a growth in the economy since money is injected in several business and projects. If the economy grows on average, the investment pool will make profit.Banks here make income from investment not form interest by lending money. No interest rates for the depositors but their income increase in line with the growth in the economy. Thus, Islamic system based in cooperative (Sharing) and does not favor rich people. But it works on the principle of sharing which in a way or another leads to justice. The current news is that Sweden government is awarded as best governance. When people asked reason privy this success. They replied, we followed the Hazrat Umar (R. A) Rule of law.